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|ideology =[[Socialism]]<br>[[Nationalism]]

|colspan=4|Source: Macola<ref>Giacomo Macola (2010) ''Liberal Nationalism in Central Africa: A Biography of Harry Mwaanga Nkumbula'', Palgrave Macmil

...around Africa through churches and the tune became associated with African nationalism movements. Following the passing of the [[Zambia Independence Act 1964]] in

==Rise of African nationalism== ...a mild form of racism and collided with rising African self-confidence and nationalism.

...presentation while under BSAC rule.<ref>R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa : The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964, p. 26.</r ...he coal mines of [[Hwange|Wankie]].<ref>R. I. Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 40–1, 45, 75–6.</ref> At this time the Company c

..."It was the mission centres that became the birthplace of post-war African nationalism."<ref>Phiri 1999: 329-30</ref> In the wider context the churches had also t ...t brought about independence in Zambia, Phiri notes that the freedoms that nationalism wrought were to allow other secular civil society associations to ease the

While Kaunda was in prison, [[Mainza Chona]] and other [[Nationalism|nationalists]] broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became t