View source for Nkwazi House vs. State House

{{Other uses|State House}}
'''State House''' refers to the official presidential estate in Lusaka which includes multiple buildings. Two key structures within this estate are the main ''State House'' building the historic colonial-era mansion and principal workplace of the President and ''Nkwazi House'' a separate residence on the grounds designated as the President’s private home. 

==Historical Background and Construction==
State House (Main Building): The main State House building dates back to the colonial era. Construction began around 1930 under British rule and the residence opened in 1935 as Government House, home to the Governor of Northern Rhodesia. It was a grand structure partly funded by the Beit Trust and designed by British architect William Walcot in a neoclassical style. Upon Zambia’s independence on 24 October 1964, Government House was renamed State House, becoming the seat of the President. Zambia’s first president, Kenneth Kaunda, moved in on Independence Day 1964, symbolically transforming it from a colonial governor’s residence into the locus of Zambian sovereignty. This main edifice (often called “Plot One” for its Independence Avenue address) has thus served as the official residence and office of Zambian presidents since independence. Over time, its age began to show – by the 2010s the nearly 90-year-old structure was considered deteriorated and “not fit for human habitation” without major repairs. Proposals have periodically been made to either heavily renovate it or construct a new State House altogether, though as of the mid-2020s the original building still stands after successive refurbishments. 

Nkwazi House: Nkwazi House is a newer addition. It was constructed in the mid-1970s during President Kaunda’s tenure as an auxiliary presidential residence within the State House grounds. In 1974, following a security review, President Kaunda ordered extensive upgrades to State House – including a reinforced perimeter and secure communications – and built Nkwazi House on the estate as a private residence for the First Family. According to former Cabinet Secretary Sketchley Sacika, Kaunda’s two major additions to State House were “the construction of Nkwazi House and the golf course” on the property. Nkwazi House officially became the designated Presidential residence, allowing the President to live on-site while using the original State House mansion primarily for work and official functions. The name “Nkwazi” means “eagle” in local Zambian languages, aligning it with the eagle on Zambia’s coat of arms. Nkwazi House has now been in use for several decades (the Vice-President noted that this presidential house has “been in existence since 1935” if one counts the lineage of the office, though the structure itself was built in the 1970s) and, like the older main building, has required periodic renovation to remain habitable.

==Architectural Features and Layout==

===State House Architecture===
The main State House building is an imposing two-story Neoclassical-style mansion. It features a white façade, symmetric design, and likely a columned portico—characteristic of grand colonial residences. The interior boasts high ceilings, expansive foyers, reception halls and offices befitting the head of state. As a 1930s structure, it reflects colonial craftsmanship and formality; its halls and décor have seen minimal structural alteration, preserving its historical character. However, the layout was not designed for large modern gatherings – notably, it lacks a spacious conference or banquet hall, so large events at State House often require erecting tents on the lawn or using other venues. The State House sits amid manicured lawns and gardens on a 72-hectare estate in Lusaka. The grounds even include unique features added over the years, such as a 19-hole golf course commissioned by Kaunda and populations of monkeys and antelope roaming the property. Despite its aging structure and colonial origin, the main State House remains a national landmark, retaining an air of grandiosity and historic significance in its architecture.

===Nkwazi House Architecture===
In contrast, Nkwazi House reflects a 1970s era design tailored for residential comfort and security rather than monumental architecture. It is situated on the eastern side of the same expansive compound. While detailed public descriptions of its architecture are limited (it is within a high-security zone and not generally photographed in detail), reports indicate it is a sizeable mansion in its own right, featuring numerous bedrooms and living areas to accommodate the First Family. For instance, sources note that Nkwazi House includes amenities such as its own swimming pool, multiple kitchens and lounges, and separate suites for the President and First Lady. The design likely prioritizes privacy and modern convenience, differing from the main State House’s formal colonial layout. Externally, Nkwazi House is less iconic in appearance – it was built as a secure home rather than a public-facing symbol, so it does not feature the grand neoclassical facade of the old mansion. Instead, it is a more contemporary structure tucked within the secure perimeter, its presence marked chiefly by the role it plays as the President’s private quarters. Over the years, Nkwazi House too has aged; by 2021 officials described it as dilapidated and in need of a facelift, along with the main State House building. Renovation funds have periodically been allocated to upgrade Nkwazi’s utilities (water, air conditioning, etc.) and structure so it can safely host the First Family.


==Primary Functions and Occupants==
===State House (Main Building)===
The main State House serves as the official workplace and administrative center of the presidency. It houses the President’s office and is the venue for Cabinet meetings though larger cabinet sessions may be held off-site due to space limits, meetings with government officials and diplomats, and the day-to-day operations of the Office of the President. Within it are offices for the Presidential aides and staff – including the President’s senior private secretaries, special assistants, and security offices – effectively making it the nerve center of the executive branch. Historically, prior to Nkwazi House’s construction, this building also served as the President’s residence; President Kaunda and his family lived and worked in this same house in the 1960s. Even after 1974, the State House mansion continues to be used for formal entertaining and official business. It’s the setting for many state functions by day and is often bustling with staff activity. The current tenants of the State House main building are essentially the President’s offices and support staff, and it remains the public face of the presidency where the President spends much of the working day. The President does not necessarily sleep or live in this building anymore (post-1970s), but it is still sometimes generically referred to as “State House” in the sense of the President’s seat of power. Nkwazi House: Nkwazi House is the official private residence of the President of Zambia. Located within the State House grounds, it functions as the home for the President and First Family away from the formal bustle of the offices. In essence, it allows the President to reside on the State House estate but in a separate house designed for family life. Since its establishment, successive Presidents have typically occupied Nkwazi House as their living quarters. For example, former President Edgar Lungu resided in Nkwazi House during his tenure (media footage in 2021 showed him departing Nkwazi House at the end of his term). The occupants of Nkwazi House are the President and their immediate family, and it is equipped accordingly – with bedrooms, living rooms, and private spaces not open to staff or official visitors in the way the main building is. This separation between Nkwazi House (residence) and the State House offices means the President can have a degree of privacy and personal space. Notably, after taking office in 2021, President Hakainde Hichilema initially chose not to move into Nkwazi House due to its run-down condition, opting to stay at his private home (nicknamed “[[Community House]]”) until renovations were done. This was an unusual situation and sparked public discussion, underlining that while Nkwazi is the designated residence, a President may opt otherwise. Generally, however, Nkwazi House is intended to be the official home of the President, analogous to how other countries have a presidential residence separate from offices. It is fully State-owned and maintained for that purpose. In summary, Nkwazi House’s primary function is residential (a place for the President to live and host close family or personal guests), whereas the main State House’s function is governmental (the President’s office, cabinet room, and venue for official duties).

==Role in Public and Ceremonial Events==
State House – Public and Ceremonial Role: The State House serves as a key venue for national ceremonies and events. As the official seat of the presidency, it hosts a range of formal activities: for example, swearing-in ceremonies for new government ministers, judges, and defense chiefs often take place in State House’s reception rooms or on its front lawn. Major announcements and press conferences by the President are typically held at State House, with the President sometimes addressing the nation from its grounds. State visits by foreign leaders invariably involve State House – visiting Presidents or royalty are received with an honor guard on the lawn and a state luncheon or dinner (often organized under tented canopies in the gardens due to the lack of a big indoor hall). Historic diplomatic meetings have occurred there – for instance, during the 1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Lusaka, Queen Elizabeth II visited and met President Kaunda at State House. The estate’s grounds are used for ceremonial welcomes, complete with military bands and flag-raising, underscoring State House’s role as the backdrop for pomp and state pageantry. Even cultural or symbolic events, like national prayer gatherings or award presentations, may be hosted at State House on occasion (usually as invite-only events, given public access is restricted). In essence, State House is the stage for official and ceremonial life of the presidency – it is where the presidency interfaces with the public and the international community in a formal setting. Its iconic lawns and entrance steps often feature in news footage of these events, reinforcing its image as the center of executive authority. Nkwazi House – Public Role: By design, Nkwazi House has virtually no public or ceremonial role. It is a private residence and not used for state functions or media events. There are no known instances of official ceremonies being held at Nkwazi House; such activities are reserved for the State House proper. When foreign dignitaries visit, they do not go to Nkwazi House – they are received in the main building or grounds. The general public also never enters Nkwazi House; in fact, most citizens only hear of it in news reports rather than seeing it. The one time Nkwazi House features publicly is in a symbolic sense: for example, at the start or end of a President’s term, cameras might capture the President departing or arriving at Nkwazi House (such as footage of an outgoing president leaving Nkwazi House for the last time). This is a symbolic moment indicating the transfer of personal residence. Additionally, any informal or private events (like a small family gathering or a casual meeting) that involve the President could occur at Nkwazi House, but those are outside the public eye. In summary, Nkwazi House’s role in ceremonies is essentially to stay out of them – it provides a retreat where the President can step away from the limelight of State functions. All public-facing, ceremonial, and state events are concentrated at the main State House building and its gardens, maintaining a clear separation between the President’s official duties ([[State House]]) and personal life ([[Nkwazi House]]).



==Symbolic and Political Significance==
===State House Symbolism===
State House is one of Zambia’s most powerful national symbols. It is often used metonymically to mean the presidency or executive branch itself – for instance, media will report '''''State House said…''''' to convey a statement from the President. The address '''Plot One, Independence Avenue''' is so synonymous with presidential power that '''Plot One''' serves as a nickname for the office of the President. As a physical structure, State House represents continuity of governance; it’s the site where new presidents take office and where many historic decisions have been made. Its colonial-origin architecture, now repurposed for an independent African republic, in a way embodies Zambia’s political history – from colonialism to independence to the present. The building itself, having hosted every Zambian president, is imbued with political heritage. Some even propose that the old State House could be turned into a museum once a new one is built, underlining its status as a historical monument. The very term “State House” holds weight in the public imagination – it signifies authority, the government’s highest office, and the unity of the state. This is why decisions or pronouncements from the President are often ascribed to “State House” in news, conferring an almost institutional voice. Culturally, State House features in national narratives as well – it’s sometimes called upon during national prayers or depicted in art and media as an icon of the republic. Moreover, State House is considered a public asset (albeit not publicly accessible), meaning that while it’s the President’s residence/office, it is owned by the people and often a point of pride (or criticism if misused). Zambians view State House with respect as the locus of power and a symbol of the nation’s governance. Nkwazi House Symbolism: Nkwazi House, being less visible, carries a more subtle symbolic significance. Its very name “Nkwazi” (eagle) ties it to Zambia’s national emblem – the African fish eagle – symbolizing the lofty vigilance and freedom associated with the presidency. By naming the President’s residence after the eagle, President Kaunda gave it a patriotic and symbolic resonance. However, beyond the name, Nkwazi House’s symbolism is largely tied to what it represents: the personal side of the presidency. It symbolizes the idea that even the head of state has a home and private life. Politically, Nkwazi House sometimes enters discourse in debates about government expenditure or tradition. For example, when President Hichilema deferred moving into Nkwazi House, it sparked discussion about the political message that sends – some argued it showed humility or prudence, others raised concerns about extra security costs. This even led to a court petition by a citizen questioning if the President was obliged to stay at the official residence. The issue was resolved when the Constitutional Court clarified that no law compels a President to live in Nkwazi House or State House if they choose otherwise. That ruling underlines that the significance of Nkwazi House is conventional and practical, not legal – it is provided for the President’s benefit and national security, but it is not a constitutional requirement. In terms of public perception, Nkwazi House does not feature in the patriotic imagery of the country the way State House does, partly because it isn’t as old or publicly iconic. Nonetheless, it holds symbolic value as the President’s home – for instance, the term “Nkwazi House” might be used in the press when referring to the President’s personal or off-duty activities (analogous to how “White House” can refer to the U.S. President’s administration or residence depending on context). In summary, Nkwazi House symbolizes the presidency’s personal domain and the protective embrace of the state around its leader (much like an eagle’s nest, one might say), whereas State House symbolizes the presidency’s public authority and the nation’s governance.

==External links==

[[Category:Official residences]]